Goliathan by Weedeater free essay sample

If you read my Dopesmoker review, you can find a certain message over there. Why am I bringing that up? This is also stoner metal, but with a southern twist. I suggest you read that message in Dopesmoker before you move on. Or alternatively you can just stay put and enjoy the show. Goliathan is Weedeaters most recent album that includes a total of ten tracks that can come close to 40 minutes in length. I have said this is a southern based album which is very evident in their playing style, banjos, and the singers clean voice. It may be short, but it can feel pretty long, especially if youre not into it at all. Sure, Im not the biggest fan of stoner music but I liked Dopesmoker alot so coming in I thought I would like this. I wasnt as pleased here though. Yeah the songs are much shorter but there wasnt quite as much energy here nor enough noticeably different riffs from track to track. We will write a custom essay sample on Goliathan by Weedeater or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were a couple ones that dont even have the stoner sound either, which I liked a tad more because banjos. The vocals are interesting, it seems as if they were influenced by the thrash band Absu in terms of vocal style which is a nice touch because the last I expect is black metal sounding vocals in stoner anything. Do they work? Sometimes they do. I can say it has its place but the vocalist apparently knows most of those times well, but he doesnt appear often because of course thats the case. The entire album just seems boring in my opinion(though if you are southern, you might enjoy this a bit more) for whatever reason other than lack of energy. I guess this is supposed to prove that stoner metal is not for me. I give this a 5.5/10. I am the Grim Reaper, signing off.

Anxiolytic activity Essays

Anxiolytic activity Essays Anxiolytic activity Essay Anxiolytic activity Essay Anxiolytic activity of Fennel fruit soxhlet Abstraction: Aim: The aim of the survey was to look into the anxiolytic activity of Fennel fruit Soxhlet in mice. Materials and Methods: Elevated plus maze ( EPM ) , light and dark box Arena ( L A ; DB ) and rotarod trial were the showing trials used to measure the anxiolytic activity of the soxhlet on mice. Diazepam ( 4 mg/kg ) served as the standard anxiolytic agent. Consequences: Diazepam treated mice showed a important addition in the figure of unfastened arm entries, percentile ratio of open/total arm entries and clip spent in the unfastened weaponries and Soxhlet treated mice exhibited a important addition in the figure of unfastened arm entries, clip spent in the unfastened weaponries, percentile ratio of unfastened arm to entire arm entries and figure of entire arm entriesin EPM at the doses of 250, 500, 750 and 1000mg/kg. Diazepam treated mice showed a important addition in the figure of light chamber entries, percentile ratio of light chamber to entire chamber entries and clip spent in the light chamber and Soxhlet treated mice exhibited a important addition in the figure of light chamber entries, clip spent in the light chamber, percentile ratio of light chamber to entire chamber entries and figure of entire chamber entries in L A ; DB at the doses of 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg. The keeping clip significantly decreased in the Diazepam and Soxhlet treated group when compared with the control group. Among test drug treated groups, 750 and 1000 mg/kg showed pronounced betterment ( P lt ; 0.01 ) compared to 250 and 500 mg/kg. Decision: Soxhlet of Fennel fruits produces outstanding anxiolytic activity in mice. Cardinal word: Anxiolytic, Anti anxiousness, Fennel fruit, Foeniculum vulgare Introduction: Anxiety is a normal emotional behavior. When it is terrible and/or chronic, nevertheless, it becomes pathological and can precipitate or worsen cardiovascular and psychiatric upsets. Although many drugs are available in allopathic medical specialty to handle anxiousness upsets, they produce assorted systemic side effects or exhibit tolerance upon chronic usage. In ayurvedic medical specialty, many works merchandises have been claimed to be free from side effects and less toxic than man-made drugs1. Fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare ) is a works species in the genus Foeniculum ( treated as the exclusive species in the genus by most phytologists ) 2. Fennel was good known to the Ancientss and was cultivated by the antediluvian Romans for its aromatic fruits and succulent, comestible shoots. Pliny had much religion in its medicative belongingss, harmonizing no less than 22 redresss to it, detecting besides that snake eat it when they cast their old teguments, and they sharpen their sight with the juice by rubbing against the plant3. Fennel is used for many intents like digestion, slimming and weight loss, detoxifier, hiking metamorphosis, tummy spasms, pyrosis, helps with forenoon illness, bloating, blushing the kidneys, helpful after chemotherapy and radiation4, hepatoprotective5, in asthma6 and many more upsets. Fennel tea exhibits impermanent CNS perturbations, vomit, lassitude, hapless Suckling, restlessness and torpor7. Fennel oil was found to be genotoxic in the B. subtilis DNA-re pair test8. Three pharmacologically validated experimental theoretical accounts like elevated plus maze 9, visible radiation and dark box10 and rotarod test11 were employed. Material and Method: Animals Male Swiss albino mice ( Mus muscle ) , weighing 25-35 g, were procured from the cardinal animate being house, Department ofAnimal house, Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, Tumkur, affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore. The animate beings were maintained at the cardinal animate being house and were fed on a criterion balanced diet ( Hindustan Lever, Bangalore ) and provided with H2O ad libitum. All surveies were conducted in conformity with the National Institute of Health Guide. Chemical Clampose ( Diazepam ) is obtained commercially, manufactured by Ranbaxy laboratories Ltd. , used as Standard drug. Plant stuff and readying of infusions 500 gms of the dried fruits of Foeniculum vulgare were placed in a soxhlet setup with 300 milliliters of aqueous vehicle for 48 h. The full infusion of Foeniculum vulgare fruits was evaporated to dryness at low temperature. Storage The dose signifiers of the infusions were prepared newly and maintain, at temperature below room temperature, in airtight, amber colored phials to protect them from visible radiation. Dose Fixation Animal surveies have demonstrated toxic effects of fennel indispensable oil on foetal cells. However, no grounds of teratogenicity was seen12. No pathological toxicity was seen in the variety meats of dead animate beings, bespeaking that decease may be caused by the effects of metabolite instability or nervous system toxicity. The value of LD 50 was 1,326 mg/kg13. Appraisal of anxiolytic activity: Treatment agenda Elevated plus maze, light and dark box and rotarod trial: The animate beings were divided into 18 groups, dwelling of 6 mice per group. Groups 1, 7 and 13 received vehicle saline as control. Groups 2, 8 and 14 standard Standard anxiolytic drug ( Diazepam- 4mg/kg ) ; Groups 3, 9 and 15 standard trial drug ( soxhlet- 250mg/kg ) ; Groups 4,10 and 16 standard trial drug ( soxhlet- 500mg/kg ) ; Groups 5,11 and 17 standard trial drug ( soxhlet- 750mg/kg ) ; and Groups 6,12 and 18 standard trial drug ( soxhlet- 1000mg/kg ) . Elevated plus maze ( EPM ) The EPM setup consisted of two unfastened weaponries ( 30 x 5 centimeter ) and two closed weaponries ( 30 x 5 ten 20 centimeter ) emanating from a common cardinal platform ( 5 x 5 centimeter ) . The two braces of indistinguishable weaponries were opposite to each other. The full setup was elevated to a tallness of 50 centimeters above the floor degree. The animate beings received the intervention as per the agenda, 45 min before the start of the session. At the beginning of the session, a mouse was placed at the Centre of the labyrinth, its caput confronting the closed arm. It was allowed to research the labyrinth for 5 min. The clip spent in the unfastened arm, per centum entries in the unfastened and closed weaponries and entire entries were recorded. An entry was defined as the presence of all four paws in the arm. The EPM was carefully wiped, with 10 % ethyl alcohol after each test, to extinguish the possible prejudice due to the smell of the old animal14. Light and dark box ( LDB ) The setup consisted of an unfastened top wooden box. Two distinguishable Chamberss, a black chamber ( 20 X 30 Ten 35 centimeter ) painted black and lighted with dimmed ruddy visible radiation and a bright chamber ( 30 X 30 Ten 35 centimeter ) painted white and brilliantly illuminated with 100 W white visible radiation beginning, were located 17 centimeters above the box. The two Chamberss were connected through a little unfastened room access ( 7.5 X 5 centimeter ) situated on the floor degree at the Centre of the partition10. Rotarod trial Motor coordination was measured on the 7th twenty-four hours utilizing an automated rotarod ( Amni, Rotar Instrumentation, Columbus, OH, USA ) . The animate beings were exposed to 10 tests on a rotating rod at 10 revolutions per minute at 5 min. intervals with a cut off clip of 180 seconds15. The rotor was divided into two compartments, which could let two mice at a clip. The mean keeping clip on the rod was calculated. Statistical analysis One manner analysis of discrepancy ( One manner ANOVA ) followed by Scheffe s trial was employed for the analysis of anxiolytic belongings. P lt ; 0.01 was considered important. Consequence: Elevated plus maze ( EPM ) Diazepam treated mice showed a important addition in the figure of unfastened arm entries ( 4 mg/kg ) , percentile ratio of unfastened arm to entire arm entries ( 4 mg/kg ) and clip spent in the unfastened weaponries ( 4 mg/kg ) . They showed a decrease in clip spent in the closed weaponries ( 4 mg/kg ) . Soxhlet treated mice exhibited a important addition in the figure of unfastened arm entries ( 250, 500, 750 and 1000mg/kg ) , clip spent in the unfastened weaponries ( 250, 500, 750 and 1000mg/kg ) , percentile ratio of unfastened arm to entire arm entries ( 250, 500, 750 and 1000mg/kg ) and figure of entire arm entries ( 250, 500, 750 and 1000mg/kg ) but a lessening in clip spent in the closed weaponries ( 750 and 1000 mg/kg ) . Among test drug treated groups, 750 and 1000 mg/kg showed pronounced betterment ( P lt ; 0.01 ) compared to 250 and 500 mg/kg. Table-1: Elevated Pus labyrinth ( EPM ) S. No. Groups Dose No. of arm enteries Percentile ratio of Open/Total arm entries Time spent in weaponries Open arm Entire Open arm Closed arm 1. Group I ( Control ) 2.5 ±0.30* 5.33 ±0.20* 45.3 ±0.01* 6.7 ±0.21* 264.5 ±0.22* 2. Group II ( Standard ) 4mg/kg 11.5 ±0.30* 13.7 ±0.27* 78.5 ±0.00* 195.5 ±0.28* 47.5 ±0.28* 3. Group III ( Test ) 250mg/kg 7.5 ±0.33* 12.5 ±0.18* 66.1 ±0.01* 105.6 ±0.26* 150.5 ±0.28* 4. Group IV ( Test ) 500mg/kg 9.16 ±0.23* 13.7 ±0.27* 72.85 ±0.01* 138.3 ±0.46* 121 ±0.73* 5. Group V ( Test ) 750mg/kg 12.5 0.50* 15.6 ±0.16* 85.3 ±0.21* 164.0 ±0.53* 110 ±0.28* 6. Group VI ( Test ) 1000mg/kg 15.3 ±0.28* 17.0 ±0.08* 99.9 ±0.27* 190.5 ±0.28* 71 ±0.33* Valuess are provided in Mean ±SEM mode. * P lt ; 0.01 One manner ANOVA statistic was carried out. Light and dark box ( L A ; DB ) Diazepam treated mice showed a important addition in the figure of light chamber entries ( 4 mg/kg ) , percentile ratio of light chamber to entire chamber entries ( 4 mg/kg ) and clip spent in the light chamber ( 4 mg/kg ) . They showed a decrease in clip spent in the dark chamber ( 4 mg/kg ) . Soxhlet treated mice exhibited a important addition in the figure of light chamber entries ( 250, 500, 750 and 1000mg/kg ) , clip spent in the light chamber ( 250, 500, 750 and 1000mg/kg ) , percentile ratio of light chamber to entire chamber entries ( 250, 500, 750 and 1000mg/kg ) and figure of entire chamber entries ( 250, 500, 750 and 1000mg/kg ) but a lessening in clip spent in the dark chamber ( 750 and 1000 mg/kg ) . Among test drug treated groups, 750 and 1000 mg/kg showed pronounced betterment ( P lt ; 0.01 ) compared to 250 and 500 mg/kg. Table-2: Light and dark box ( L A ; DB ) S. No. Groups Dose No. of chamber enteries Percentile ratio of Light/Total chamber entries Time spent in weaponries Light chamber Entire Light chamber Dark chamber 1. Group I ( Control ) 1.0 ±0.20* 3.50 ±0.29* 38.8 ±0.02* 5.1 ±0.16* 285.6 ±0.28* 2. Group II ( Standard ) 4mg/kg 7.61 ±0.10* 9.61 ±0.30* 93.3 ±0.01* 213.5 ±0.15* 42.5 ±0.30* 3. Group III ( Test ) 250mg/kg 5.5 ±0.15* 11.0 ±0.15* 63.6 ±0.01* 85.0 ±0.6* 171 ±0.75* 4. Group IV ( Test ) 500mg/kg 7.51 ±0.15* 11.0 ±0.15* 74.2 ±0.02* 98.3 ±0.05* 153.4 ±0.30* 5. Group V ( Test ) 750mg/kg 9.41 ±0.13* 12.5 ±0.3* 80.8 ±0.01* 141.8 ±0.3* 129.6 ±0.48* 6. Group VI ( Test ) 1000mg/kg 11.5 ±0.15* 14.4 ±0.28* 100.4 ±0.30* 179.1 ±0.6* 95.6 ±0.30* Valuess are provided in Mean ±SEM mode. * P lt ; 0.01 One manner ANOVA statistic was carried out. Rotarod trial The keeping clip significantly decreased in the criterion ( Diazepam- 4mg/kg ) and test drug ( Soxhlet- 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg ) treated group when compared with the control ( Saline ) group. Muscle gripping strength significantly ( P lt ; 0.01 ) lessenings in 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg of test drug treated groups. Among test drug treated groups, 750 and 1000 mg/kg showed pronounced betterment ( P lt ; 0.01 ) compared to 250 and 500 mg/kg. Table-3: Rotarod trial S. No. Groups Dose Fall of clip Percentile lessening in autumn clip Before After 1. Group I ( Control ) 31.8 ±0.01* 30.6 ±0.33* 6.8 ±0.04* 2. Group II ( Standard ) 4mg/kg 35.0 ±0.00* 5.3 ±0.33* 96.5 ±0.02* 3. Group III ( Test ) 250mg/kg 32.5 ±0.16* 22.6 ±0.02* 37.9 ±0.02* 4. Group IV ( Test ) 500mg/kg 30.8 ±0.16* 17.2 ±0.16* 51.7 ±0.04* 5. Group V ( Test ) 750mg/kg 35.2 ±0.01* 12.4 ±0.02* 79.3 ±0.16* 6. Group VI ( Test ) 1000mg/kg 38.1 ±0.33* 8.5 ±0.16* 99.9 ±0.27* Valuess are provided in Mean ±SEM mode. * P lt ; 0.01 One manner ANOVA statistic was carried out. Discussion: The three experimental theoretical accounts of anxiousness, elevated plus maze and bright and dark box sphere and rotarod trial, are based on the premise that unfamiliar, non-protective and brilliantly lit environmental emphasis provokes suppression of normal behaviour. This normal behavioural suppression is farther augmented in the presence of fright or anxiousness like province. In the elevated plus maze, the unfastened weaponries are more fear provoking than the closed weaponries. The ratio of entries, clip spent and rise uping behaviour in unfastened weaponries to closed weaponries reflects the safety of closed weaponries with comparative fright of unfastened arms16. The decrease in entry, clip spent, ratio of unfastened arm to entire arm entries and increased laxation are the indicants of high degree of fright or anxiousness. Anxiolytic drugs increase the proportion of entries, clip spent and rise uping in unfastened weaponries. They besides increase the ratio of unfastened arm to entire arm entries. In the visible radiation and dark box paradigm, the brilliantly illuminated environment is a noxious environment stressor that inhibits the explorative behaviour of gnawers. Decrease in the figure of entries, clip spent and rise uping behaviour in the light chamber is regarded as markers of anxiety10 that can be reduced due to a high degree of fright. Test drug administered mice, subjected to the rotarod trial, revealed a important loss of muscular coordination and the hapless public presentation. This could be due to loss of muscular strength17. The fruits ( seeds ) contain a figure of flavonoid compounds, including quercetin 3-glucuronide, isoquercetin, kaempferol 3-glucuronide, and kaempferol 3-arabinoside18. The GLC measurings of the fennel volatile oil reveal that the t-anethole is the prevailing fraction19. It is good known that infusions, works sources20 isolated components from plants21 and man-made drugs such as benzodiazepines and phenobarbital22 possess anxiolytic and ataractic activities. In the EPM, the lessening in the clip spent in the unfastened arm, without a alteration in the unfastened arm, closed arm and entire entries at higher doses, may be attributed to the ataractic consequence of the infusions. This agreed with the earlier study by Sukma et al 23 in the instance of barakol, a component of Cassia siamia Lamk. Fennel oil, its components and related compounds were examined to happen those that would suppress collection of coney thrombocytes induced by ADP, collagen or arachidonic acid. Fennel oil is proved to be good inhibitors, every bit effectual as acetylsalicylic acid, against thrombocyte aggregation24. And platelet collection evoked by 5-hydroxytryptamine and A23187, a Ca ionophore25. So, the drug may be serotonin adversary or a calcium channel blocker. The function of 5-HT in anxiousness is now good established and it has been once and for all shown that addition in cardinal serotonergic activity constantly leads to anxiety, whereas lessening in encephalon 5-HT activity consequences in anxiolysis26. Calcium ionophores are by and large assumed to straight ease the conveyance of Ca2+ across the plasma membrane27. Fennel besides has utilizations for handling angina due to calcium channel blocker like effect28. In an effort to happen as tocolytic agents with less inauspicious consequence the fennel indispensable oil as Ca channel blocker is the best13. The ability of Ca channel blockers to displace the binding of benzodiazepine ligands was investigated in rat bosom, kidney, and encephalon. The dihydropyridine Ca channel blockers nifedipine and nitrendipine displaced the binding of the non-neuronal-site ligand [ 3H ] Ro5-486429 and Nifedipine ( 2 and 5 mg/kg ) , a dihydropyridine-type Ca2+ channel blocker, produced a flumazenil-resistant anxiolytic effect30. In this manner test drug may be calcium channel blocker and possess Anxiolytic belongings. As the trial drug possesses anxiolytic-like consequence similar to that of Valium, still it should be farther studied to find its possible usage in human existences. Mentions: 1. Pari L, Maheshwari JU: Hypoglycemic effects of Musa sapientum L in alloxan induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1999 ; 38: 1-5. 2. wikipedia.com- hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennel 3. Botanicals.com- hypertext transfer protocol: //www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/f/fennel01.html 4. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ageless.co.za/fennel.htm 5. H Ozbek, S Ugras , H Dulger, I Bayram, I Tuncer, G Ozturk and A. Ozturk: Hepatoprotective consequence of Foeniculum vulgare indispensable oil. Fitoterapia, 2003 ; 74 ( 3 ) : 317-319 6. MH Boskabady, A Khatami: Relaxant Effect of Foeniculum vulgare on Isolated Guinea Pig Tracheal Chains. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2003 ; 41 ( 3 ) : 211 215. 7. James A. Duke, Mary Jo Bogenschutz-Godwin, Judi Ducellier: Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. CRC Press, 2002, ISBN 0849312841, 9780849312847.pages 295. 8. Sekizawa J, Shibamoto T: Genotoxicity of safrole-related chemicals in microbic trial systems. Mutat Res. 1982 ; 101 ( 2 ) : 127-140. 9. Emanghoreishi, -M. ; Khasaki, -M. ; Aazam, -M.F. : Coriandrum sativum: rating of its anxiolytic consequence in the elevated plus-maze. Journal of ethnopharmacology 2005 ; 96 ( 3 ) : 365-370. 10. Costall B, Domeney AM, Gerrard PA, Kelly ME, Naylor RJ. Zacopride: anxiolytic profile in gnawer and archpriest theoretical accounts of anxiousness. J Pharm Pharmacol 88 ; 40: 302-5. 11. Mohanasundari M, Sethupathy S, Sabesan M. : The consequence of Hypericum perforatum infusion against the neurochemical and behavioral alterations induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine ( MPTP ) in mice. Indian J Pharmacol 2006 ; 38: 266-70 12. Ostad SN, Khakinegad B, Sabzevari O. : Evaluation of the teratogenicity of fennel indispensable oil ( FEO ) on the rat embryo limb buds civilization. Toxicol In Vitro. 2004 ; 18 ( 5 ) : 623-627. 13. 11448553. Ostad SN, Soodi M, Shariffzadeh M, Khorshidi N, Marzban H. : The consequence of fennel indispensable oil on uterine contraction as a theoretical account for dysmenorrhea, pharmacological medicine and toxicology survey. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001 ; 76 ( 3 ) : 299-304. 14. Trease EG, Evans WC. Textbook of Pharmacognosy, 12th erectile dysfunction. Singapore: Alden Press ; 1983. 15. Rozas G, Liste I, Guerra HJ, Labandesia JL. : An machine-controlled rotarod method for quantitative drug-free rating of overall motor shortages in rat theoretical accounts of Parkinsonism. Brain Res Protocols 1995 ; 245: 151-4 16. Pellow S, Chopin P, File SE, Briley M. : Validation of open-closed arm entries in elevated plus maze as a step of anxiousness in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 1985 ; 14: 149-67. 17. Ohkawa H, Ohishi W, Yahik K. : Assay for lipid peroxidation in carnal tissues by thiobarbituric acerb reaction. Anal Biochem 1979 ; 95: 351-58. 18. Kunzemann J, Hermann K. : Isolation and designation of flavon ( ol ) -O-glycosides in Carum carvi ( Carum carvi L. ) , fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ) , anise ( Pimpinella anisum L. ) , and Chinese parsley ( Coriandrum sativum L. ) , and of flavon-C-glycosides in Pimpinella anisum. I. Phenolics of spices [ in German ] . Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1977 ; 164 ( 3 ) : 194-200. 19. El- Motaium, R. , El- Seoud, M. : Irradiated sewerage sludge for the production of fennel workss in flaxen dirt. Springer, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 2007 ; 78 ( 2 ) : 133-142 ( 10 ) . 20. Peng WH, Hsieh MT, Lee YS, Lin YC, Liao J. : Anxiolytic consequence of seed of Ziziphus jujuba in mouse theoretical accounts of anxiousness. J Ethnopharmacol 2000 ; 72: 435-41. 21. Cha HY, Seo JJ, Park JH, Choi KJ, Hong JT, Oh JK. : Anxiolytic Effectss of entire saponin fraction from Ginseng Radix Rubra on the elevated plus-maze theoretical account in mice. Ginseng Res 2004 ; 28: 132-5. 22. Treit D. Animal theoretical accounts for the survey of anti-anxiety agents: A reappraisal. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1985 ; 9: 203-22. 23. Sukma M, Chaichantipyuth C, Murakami Y, Tohda M, Matsumoto K, Watanabe H. : CNS repressive effects of barakol, a component of Cassia siamia Lamk. J Ethnopharmacol 2002 ; 83: 87-94. 24. Yoshioka, Masanori, Tamada, Terumi: Aromatic factors of anti-platelet collection in fennel oil. VSP, an imprint of Brill, Biogenic Amines 2005 ; 19 ( 2 ) : 89-96 ( 8 ) . 25. Connor J.D. , Rasheed H. , Gilani A.H. , Cheema M. , Rizvi Z. , Saeed S.A: Second couriers in thrombocyte collection evoked by 5-hydroxytryptamine and A23187, a Ca ionophore. Elsevier, Life Sciences 2001 ; 69 ( 23 ) : 2759-2764 ( 6 ) . 26. Kahn RS, Van Praag HM, Wtzler S, Asnis GM, Barr G. : Serotonin and anxiousness revisited. Biol Phychiat 1988 ; 23: 189-208. 27. Dedkova EN, Sigova AA, Zinchenko VP: Mechanism of action of Ca ionophores on integral cells: ionophore-resistant cells. PMID: 10768486, Membr Cell Biol. 2000 ; 13 ( 3 ) : 357-68. 28. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.naturallygreen.co.uk/fhttp: //www.naturallygreen.co.uk/fennel-seed-liquid-extract-tincture-foeniculum-vulgar e-50ml- p-263.html 29. M. Gavish, I. Bachman, R. Shoukrun, Y. Katz, L. Veenman, G. Weisinger and A. Weizman: Mystery of the Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor. Pharmacol. Rev. 1999 ; 51: 629-650. 30. D. S. Reddy and S. K. Kulkarni: Differential anxiolytic effects of neurosteroids in the mirrored chamber behavior trial in mice. Brain Research 1997 ; 752 ( 1-2 ) : 61-71.

The use of official corruption by transnational organised crime groups Essay

The use of official corruption by transnational organised crime groups - Essay Example The aim of this project is to compile a 10,000 word research paper following independent research in the area of transnational crime prevention. The topic selected by the author to research is the use of official corruption by transnational criminal groups to further their illegal activities. The topic is relevant to transnational crime prevention in that transnational criminal groups greatly rely on the use of various forms of official corruption to facilitate and grow their illegal activities. Transnational organised crime groups exist in all types of societies, whether or not there is a high incidence of official corruption. However, they are able to operate, remain viable and sustainable, grow and even become a serious threat to the state and civil society when certain conditions prevail. Such conditions include: Where the state is weak or corrupt or, more commonly, both. The agencies that are meant to control crime are unable to do so or else are unwilling, and instead are happy to be paid off by criminal groups or even work with them. The legal, political and economic systems fail to meet the needs of the society, or at least a significant section of them. In such circumstances, desire for illegal goods and services, such as drugs or other contraband, is often high and organised crime groups can and will fill any vacuum created by the weakness of the state to and provide essential and non essential services, including protection. If, for example, people do not believe that the police can or will protect them and their property, then paying criminals for protection may, in many circumstances, seem necessary and inevitable. Official corruption takes many forms and involves many different types of officialdom, from elected politicians, to officials in various ministries, including law enforcement agencies. The aim of this project is to put forward a definition of official corruption that best suits the purposes of research into the ways

MFRD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MFRD - Essay Example Further NB has earned 12. 88% on capital employed as against industry average of 18.5%. According the profitability performance of the company is quite inefficient when compared with industry averages. Liquidity is the strong point of NB and it can be said that the company is in a position to meet it current obligations as and when those become due. The current ratio of NB is 2.14: 1 and that is quite strong when compared with industry average of 1.9: 1. Similarly the company’s quick ratio of NB is 1.52 as against industry average of 1.27. It has established that current ratio of 2:1 and quick ratio of 1:1 is considered optimum for any industry, and in case of NB both the ratios are above the required standard. Therefore NB can be considered as a solvent company that will meet its current liabilities as and when those become due. For analyzing the efficiency of the company four ratios are considered in this assessment. Total asset turnover that analyzes the effective utilization of total assets in generation of sales is 3.13 times and that is marginally behind the industry average of 3.91. Stock turnover ratio reflects liquidity of the stocks of the company. The company has rotated its stocks during 2008 for 13.93 times as against industry average of 18.3 times. Therefore company lacks efficiency on the aspect of rotating its stocks to meet cost of sales as per industry standards. As far as credit period is concerned, the company takes 40.43 days in collection of credit sales as against industry average of 52 days. On the other hand suppliers provide 36.9 days of credit for purchases and the industry average is 49 days. In other words company is managing credit sales collection and credit purchase payments quite effectively, and probably that is the reason for its sound liquidity. Above all 44.55 % of total assets have been financed by debt capital. The industry average is lower than this of

Project Selection using an integrated AHP Essay

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Environmental Impact And Pollution Control In Kenya Environmental Sciences Essay Currently the Kenyan household sector is completely dependent on kerosene and charcoal and in rare cases on solar power. Use of kerosene and firewood are inefficient use of fuel in Kenya. They are already high in scarcity value and expensive thus a cheaper and cleaner option is necessary. The proposed project activity is a biomass based power project. These categories of projects do require an environmental impact analysis to be performed under the existing NEMA regulations and obtain environment license. The operation of the power plant produces emissions, waste water and solid wastes such as boiler ash. Impact of release of pollutants is planned as follows to minimize the impact. Turbo Generator and Auxiliaries: The system consists of one multistage steam turbine coupled with an electric generator, air cooled condenser, air ejector system for air cooled condenser, condensate pumps, lubricating oil and governing oil system. Controls and instrumentation are provided as per the needs. The proposed biomass based power plant, will have one no. 10.0 MW turbo generator. The turbine is provided with devices to safeguard against over speed, low steam inlet pressure, high axial movement of the shaft, low lube oil pressure, high condenser vacuum, excessive vibration etc. Power generation will be 10.0 MW during the operation. The Auxiliary power (Home load) demand will be 0.9 MW. The balance power 9.1 MW will be exported to KPLC grid. Emergency Power System consists of 1 No. DG Set of 250 kVA is provided to make available emergency power supply to the station in case of black out. The total requirement of raw water for this unit will be 256 KLD. The entire raw water requirement for the unit will be met from dug well and bore well inside and outside the factory premises. This will ensure that the natural water catchment areas are preserved and the underground water is used instead. The acidic effluents generated during regeneration of caution and mixed bed exchangers and alkaline effluents generated during regeneration of anions and mixed bed exchangers of dematerialized water plant will be led into a neutralization pit. These effluents are self neutralizing but provisions will be made for final pH adjustment before disposal. Wastewater Generation S. No Particulars Wastewater Generated m3/hr Method of Treatment 1 Sewage 2.0 Septic tank with Dispersion trench 2 Softener regeneration DM Plant 0.3 Neutralization tank 3 Filter back wash/ R.O reject 0.55 Waste Water Storage Tank 4 Boiler blow down 2.46 5 Cooling tower blow down 1.159 Since, the small quantity of wastewater will be generated from domestic usages, the chances of contamination of soil will be nil. Wastewater drained from the treatment plant is pumped to a neutralization pit to maintain PH as prescribed by Pollution Control norms. The blow down water from boiler will be mixed with cooling tower to bring down the temperature to ambient level. The sewage from the various power plant buildings will be taken to a common septic tank through trenches for safer disposal. The water used in the surface condenser will be cooled in a cooling tower. Blow down from the cooling tower will be trenched out and finally conveyed to the effluent pit. The vacant area in the industry will be used for tree plantation to improve the surrounding environment of the industry. Ash The main solid waste from the proposed Power Plant will be ash (Fly ash and Bottom ash) by the combustion of fuel in boiler which will be around 35 tons/day which includes the bottom ash, ash collected in the ESP ash hoppers. The boiler will be sized to produce 45 tph steam under normal conditions. The proposed boiler will be primarily bio-mass fired single-drum, vertical type balanced draft with a furnace having traveling grate type furnace. The boiler will consist of air pre-heater, economizer, evaporators, super-heaters, fuel firing equipment, integral piping, flue gas ducting with expansion joints, supporting structures, platforms and walkways, etc. The firing system consists of a traveling grate, air plenum, regulating dampers and ash discharges valve. The traveling grate is driven by a hydraulic arrangement and the tie bars of the traveling grates are made of cast iron, to withstand the heat from the burning. The combustion air to the grate is supplied from the bottom plenum hoppers and the air is controlled by the air dampers. The discharge end of the grate discharges the ash into a water impounded hopper. The shifting are collected in the plenum hopper and discharged by an air lock valve. Based on preliminary estimates, the maximum annual generation of ash from boiler operation is 2.5 tons/hr, based on 100 percent Prosopis juliflora firing. Fly ash constitutes the major part, accounting for 75% of total generation, the balance being bottom ash. The fly ash will be utilized for land filling, Brick making or Cement blending, for road building material and for farmers, who can use the ash as manure for the crops, and also through dense phase pneumatic handling system with fly ash silos which have a capacity to store 1 week generati on of ash. The ash will be transported through trucks and the roads will be asphalted within the plant area. Environmental pollution and control Noise Noise Level Survey: The foremost objective of noise monitoring in the study area is to evaluate the baseline noise and assess the impact of the total noise expected to be generated by proposed project. The details of the expected noise monitoring locations as per studies on other similar projects are that noise levels during day time were found to be in the range 52.6 48.3 dB. The maximum noise level was observed to be 52.6 dB at the Nalli, India and a minimum of 48.3 dB was observed at Alavattam, India. Noise levels observed to fall in the range 48.6- 46.5 dB during the night time. A maximum of 48.6 dB was observed at the Nalli, India and a minimum of 46.5 dB at Alavattam, India. Equipment will conform to noise levels prescribed by regulatory authorities. Adequate noise control measures will be provided to satisfy the ambient noise level standards prescribed by NEMA. Noise absorbing materials will be used in the construction of roofs, walls, floors and in the generators. Provision of acoustic enclosures to noise generating equipments like pumps will be installed; major noise-producing equipments such as turbo generator compressors are to be provided with suitable noise abatements. Provision of thick greenbelt to attenuate the noise levels will be made. Safety equipment for noise like ear muffs and other protective devises will be provided to the staff working near noise generation source. The pollution control measures planned for the plant will ensure that it has the least adverse impact on the environment. Air The project is techno economically viable, based on the various technical and financial analyses for generating power using bio-mass. During the growth of plants, CO2 in the air is absorbed through photosynthesis. The same quantity of CO2 will be released on burning, and will be again absorbed while growing (juliflora plants). Branches of juliflora will be cut, leaving the stem for the future growth. Although there will be some emissions from the burning process itself, the project will earn substantial carbon credits as the complete carbon cycle is calculated from the oxygen generated by the Prosopis while it is growing until it is finally burned. In this way the process is neutral and qualifies for carbon credit from the developed countries. Incidentally this is revenue for the biomass power generation plant. The quantity of CO2 for a 10 MW power plant is around 51,500tonnes/year. Please advice on the highlighted part. Biomass energy generation, if done in a sustainable fashion, would greatly reduce emissions of greenhouses gases. The amount of carbon dioxide released when biomass is burned is very nearly the same as the amount required to replenish the plants grown to produce the biomass. Thus, in a sustainable fuel cycle, there will be no net emissions of carbon dioxide, although some fossil-fuel inputs will be required for planting, harvesting, transporting, and processing biomass. Efficient cultivation and conversion processes will used and the resulting emissions will be small (around 20% of the emissions created by fossil fuels alone). Also if the energy needed to produce and process biomass comes from renewable sources in the first place, then the net contribution to global warming will be zero. Draft System and Electro-Static Precipitator: The boiler will be equipped with one number of forced draft fan, secondary air (SA) fan and induced draft fan. The FD SA fans will supply the required combustion air to the boiler. The flue gases generated in the boiler will be evacuated by the ID fan and the capacity and head of FD fan will be selected considering maximum air that would be required for the fuel firing modes. In the same way, ID fan will also be selected based on the maximum flue gas generated in any of the fuel firing modes under consideration. The boiler is connected to an electro-static precipitator, which will remove the dust and ash particles from the flue gas, before the ID fan could handle it. The efficiency of the precipitator will be 99.9% and the dust concentration at the outlet of the ESP will be less than 100.0 mg/Nm3. Control of ground level concentration of SO2 emitted will be achieved by providing a stack at sufficient height of 65 m for dispersion. The unit will install an electrostatic precipitator at the exit of boilers so as to limit the suspended particulate matter and achieve the standards prescribed by NEMA. Electrostatic precipitator of 99.9% efficiency will be installed to limit the SPM concentrations below100 mg/Nm3. A stack of 55-m height will be provided for wider dispersion of gaseous emissions. Avoidance of methane emissions due to decay and de-gradation of the biomass waste is also necessary. The company intends to lay out an approach of CO2 neutrality in production and utilization of bio- mass for heat and power generation as well as avoiding CO2 emissions from the fossil fuels for the corresponding requirement. A combustion technology route is selected for the power plant, where bio-mass is burnt as fuel in a steam generator to produce high pressure steam which is then expanded in a steam turbine to generate power. This will in effect neutralize the CO2 emissions. The design of fuel handling system, involving biomass fuels is based on the estimated quantities of annual fuel requirements. Fuels will be received at the site by road. Adequate road facilities will be provided to handle the road-bound vehicles on a daily peak basis. The fuels arriving at site by different types of vehicles such as trucks, tractor trailers etc. will be weighed on a pit less type electronic road weighbridge provided in the plant premises. The CO2 emissions from these transport vehicles will be subsequently absorbed by the juliflora plants. Conveyor belt will be closed to prevent dust generation and water sprinkling system will be provided at the material handling and storage yard so as to satisfy the Ambient Air Quality/emission standards prescribed by NEMA. Well maintained greenbelt covering 25 %of the land area will be provided to arrest the fugitive emissions. Soil It has been observed that the pH of the soil ranged from 6.6 -6.7 indicating that the soils are acidic to slightly alkaline. Soils are mainly clay loams with alluvial deposits derived from tertiary / quaternary volcanic and pyroclastic rock sediments that have been weathered and eroded from the uplands. They contain high levels of P, K, Ca and Mg and low levels of N and C. The soil from the study area shows moderate to good fertility. By carrying out a replantation of the Prosopis on the cleared land then the soil fertility will be improved and maintained. Although energy crops will be grown without pesticide and fertilizer, large-scale energy farming could nevertheless lead to increases in chemical use simply because more land would be under cultivation. Soils could be depleted of organic content and nutrients unless care is taken to leave enough wastes behind. These concerns point up the need for regulation and monitoring of energy crop development and waste use. Ecology The major environmental impact of biomass energy may be that of loss of biodiversity. Transforming natural ecosystems into energy plantations with a very small number of crops, as few as one, can drastically reduce the biodiversity of a region. There are no wild life sanctuaries/parks within 20 km radius of the project site. Also because of the denuded land, wildlife is quite scarce with the most common animals being the ostrich and dik dik. However snakes are in abundance. The records of Forest Department of Kenya did not indicate presence of any high endemic or vulnerable species in this area. The natural plants which are mainly shrubs and acacia trees will not be affected by the projects routine. The out growers will be trained on how to identify and avoid these natural plant species. Please advice if this part is adequately addressed. This will lead to increasing the amount of forest wood harvested for energy and could provide an incentive for the forest-products industry to manage its resources more efficiently, and thus improve forest health. But it could also provide an excuse to exploit forests in an unsustainable fashion. Biomass energy production involves annual harvests or periodic removals of trees from the land. These harvests and removals will be at levels that are sustainable, i.e., surety that current use does not deplete the lands ability to meet future needs, and also be done in ways that dont degrade other important indicators of sustainability. Because biomass markets may involve new or additional removals of trees, we will be careful to minimize impacts from whatever additional demands biomass growth or harvesting makes on the land. Unfortunately, commercial forests have not always been soundly managed, and many people view with alarm the prospect of increased wood cutting. Their concerns can be met by tighter government controls on forestry practices and by following the principles of excellent forestry. If such principles are applied, it should be possible to extract energy from forests indefinitely. Greenbelt Development Greenbelt will be developed inside the factory premises covering a total area of about 10.5 acres. The unit will also develop the nearby area around the industry for greenbelt. The inter-spaces will be laid with shrubs. The inter-space between trees planted will be about 5m. It is proposed to double the tree density in future in accordance to the factory requirements. Socio Economic One other side effect of growing trees for energy is that it will benefit soil quality and farm economies. Energy crops will provide a steady supplemental income for farmers in off-seasons and allow them to work unused land without requiring much additional equipment. Moreover, energy crops will be used to stabilize cropland or rangeland prone to erosion and flooding. Trees will be grown for several years before being harvested, and their roots and leaf litter will help stabilize the soil. The planting of coppicing, or self-regenerating, varieties will minimize the need for disruptive tilling and planting. This project does not involve any displacement of local people. Employment opportunities will be improved in the nearby villages because of this proposed unit and this will provide indirect employment opportunities for more than 1000 families. Safety PPEs -Operation and Maintenance The following measures will be provided to ensure safety of the workers; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Industrial safety helmets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Crash helmets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Face shield à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Welders equipment for eye and face protection à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cylindrical type earplug à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ear muffs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Canister gas mask à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Self contained breathing apparatus à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Leather apron à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Boiler suit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Safety belt /line mans safety belt à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Leather hand gloves à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Canvas cum leather hand gloves with leather palm à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lead hand glove à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Electrically tested electrical resistance hand gloves and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Industrial safety shoes with steel toe. Environment, Safety and Health Monitoring Programme The Environment, Safety and Health-Monitoring Programme in the factory will be as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Monthly Monitoring of Stack Emissions SPM, RSPM, SO2, NOX à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Daily Monitoring of Water and Treated Water pH, TDS, TSS, COD à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Monitoring of Ambient Air SPM, RSPM, SO2, NOX CO, Noise and Work Place Air à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Occupational Safety à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Occupational Health Budgetary allocation for Environmental Management Category Capital Investment Annual Operating Costs (KES in 000) Air Pollution Management 125 1 Water and Wastewater Management 50 2 Solid Waste Management 50 5 Greenbelt 5 1 Environmental Monitoring and Training 5 1 Total 235 10 Please advice on this table. Is it necessary and are the figures almost correct. Other impact of growing Prosopis Juliflora and using it to generate energy include; Fossil fuel cogeneration and carbon mitigation will be encouraged. The furnace and boiler will have to be especially modified to be able to generate steam at the high temperatures necessary for making the plant more energy efficient. Sustainability of a biomass power plant will generally depend on the participation of the beneficiaries in terms of increased environmental awareness by distinguishing biomass power and conventional grid power. During the field survey it was found out that very little environmental concerns exist among the villagers. This is not to mean that they are ignorant of the negative impacts of deforestation, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity but that they are aware and are willing to address these impacts accordingly. They are also willing to share the responsibility to plant more trees in their land to counter effect the negative impact that the power plant may generate and to maintain the sustainability. The key to successful biomass power development is to use the resources efficiently in modern conversion systems that maximize the energy produced and minimize the byproducts of the conversion processes. In modern times, the combination of improved technological efficiencies, scientific advances, increased environmental-awareness and environmental protection regulations have turned biomass conversion into a cleaner, more efficient process. In view of the above,the following activities along the biomass value chain will require consideration in an EIA: à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ any activity or structure out of character with its surrounding; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ major changes in land use; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ all roads in scenic, wooded or mountainous areas and wetlands; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ railway lines; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ oil and gas pipelines; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ water transport; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ river diversions and water transfer between catchments; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ drilling for the purpose of utilizing ground water resources; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ timber harvesting; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ clearance of forest areas; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ reforestation and afforestation; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ large-scale agriculture; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ use of pesticides, including aerial spraying; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ introduction of new crops; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ use of fertilizers; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ irrigation; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ fertilizer manufacture or processing; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ oil refineries and petro-chemical works; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ chemical works and process plants; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ bulk grain processing plants; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ management of hydrocarbons including the storage of natural gas and combustible or explosive fuels; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ waste disposal, including: sites for solid waste disposal; sites for hazardous waste disposal; sewage disposal works; works involving major atmospheric emissions; works emitting offensive odors. As required for implementation of the project activity, project participants have studied the possibility of environmental impacts and conclude that no negative impacts are possible due to the project activity. In fact, the project activity contributes to minimize the environmental pollution due to fossil fuel based electricity generation.

Israeli-Palestinian Conflict and the Presidential Election Essay

The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict and the Presidential Election America has lost sight of the big picture. The war on terror is not going to be won through military endeavors or through appeals for international cooperation. Sure, those are both essential parts of combating terrorism, and Americans strive to achieve in both categories. However, this is not a war to simply meet indiscriminate aggression against aggression. This is neither a World War nor a Cold War. Only about one-third of the battle against terrorism is fought through military means, and that’s the easy part. The remaining 66 percent – the bulk of the big picture – deals with convincing those hostile to American intentions that flying planes into buildings, strapping bombs to chests and planting mines near roadsides is a waste of time, energy, and valuable lives. What can America do to offer people of the Middle East alternatives to terrorism while simultaneously standing unequivocally opposed to terrorism and its tactics? Whatever policy it chooses to pursue, one thing is certain: the starting point is the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It is from America’s stance in this situation that all hostilities towards the United States stem. Here’s the thing: Arab nations strongly sympathize with the Palestinian cause. For most of them, it is their number one foreign policy issue, even though it really has nothing to do with the interests of the individual states. Many Arabs feel that it is their duty to do everything in their power to oppose the aggressor, Israel, and its main supporter, the United States. If you combine this with a largely uneducated and population without jobs that’s frequently manipulated by radical clerics, you have a r... ...;http://english.aljazeera.net/HomePage>. 2. Bennet, James. Israel Rightists Endorse Pullout from Gaza Strip.† New York Times 19 April 2004: N1+. 3. Foreign Policy: Working for Peace in the Middle East and Security for Israel. John Kerry for President. 20 April 2004 . 4. Friedman, Thomas L. â€Å"Kicking Over the Chessboard.† New York Times 18 April 2004: WK13. 5. Middle East. 20 April 2004. BBC News. 20 April 2004 . 6. Myre, Greg. â€Å"Leader of Hamas Killed by Israel in Missile Attack.† New York Times 18 April 2004: N1+. 7. A National Security Strategy that Meets the Challenges of Our Time. Bush Cheney ’04. 20 April 2004 . 8. Paula Zahn Now (Replay). CNN. 20 April 2004, 2:00 a.m. – 3:00 a.m.